The Beginning of Economic Change
During a relatively short period of social and political freedom, Bulgaria experienced major economic transformations. Before political independence, most of the population lived in rural areas and worked in small trades or handicrafts, using simple, traditional tools. Production was slow, and most goods were made by hand.
After emancipation, however, industrial growth began to change Bulgarian society. The progress of the world’s economy also influenced the country, as modern production methods and new forms of labour organization started to appear. The old system of small, family-based trades gradually disappeared, replaced by factories, machines, and wage labour Private Sofia Tours.
The Rise of Machinery and Its Consequences
With the arrival of machinery and capitalist production, many small craftsmen could no longer compete. Factories could produce faster and at lower cost, forcing traditional handworkers out of business.
This change, while boosting industrial progress, had serious social consequences. Machines reduced the need for skilled manual work, and the individual worker became just a small part of a large production system. To remain competitive, factory owners tried to increase productivity, which often meant:
Longer working hours,
Lower wages, and
Employment of women and children in difficult conditions.
These problems were not unique to Bulgaria; they had already appeared in Western Europe, in countries like Britain, France, and Germany, during the Industrial Revolution. The overworking of labourers, combined with low pay and unsafe conditions, soon drew public attention and sympathy.
The Birth of Labour Laws in Bulgaria
In response to these challenges, Bulgarian lawmakers realized the need to protect workers and regulate working conditions. The first significant step was taken in 1903, when laws were passed that allowed for the organization of trades and trade unions. This gave workers a legal way to come together, discuss their problems, and defend their rights.
Following this, in 1905, the first official labour law was passed. It specifically addressed the employment of women and children in factories. The law set restrictions on working hours, improved safety conditions, and introduced rules for fair treatment.
This legislation was a major milestone for Bulgaria, marking the beginning of labour protection and a shift toward modern social policy.
The Role of Women and Children in Industry
At that time, women and children made up nearly 50–70% of the total factory workforce. Many families depended on their combined earnings to survive. Unfortunately, this also meant that young children and mothers often worked in harsh conditions for very low pay. The 1905 law was therefore an essential step in limiting exploitation and promoting humane working standards.
In summary, Bulgaria’s industrial development brought both progress and hardship. The transition from handcrafts to machine-based industries improved production but created new social inequalities. Early labour legislation aimed to restore balance by protecting workers, particularly women and children, from abuse.
These first laws laid the foundation for future labour rights in Bulgaria and reflected a broader global movement toward social justice and industrial reform.